|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warning Signs of Alcohol Abuse |
|
Local Time in Whitesville is
Whitesville, West Virginia Population:
Whitesville, West Virginia has a population of 520 as of 2000.
Population Breakdown in Whitesville, West Virginia:
Caucasian - 514
African American - 1
Hispanic - 2
Other - 3
Whitesville, WV. Education Information:
Whitesville had a total of 158 high school graduates in 2000.
Whitesville, WV. has a total of 18 college graduates with a bachelor's degree
or higher and 61 people with some college education. (Includes
Associates Degree)
Whitesville Family Info Breakdown:
Whitesville has a total of 15 single parents with children.
There are also 31 parents who are married with children in Whitesville, West Virginia.
Whitesville, West Virginia Housing Breakdown:
Whitesville has 139 houses that are owner occupied.
Whitesville has 116 houses that are renter-occupied.
Around 89 houses are vacant in Whitesville, West Virginia.
$57,500 is the average value of a house in Whitesville, WV.
$300 is the average cost to rent a house in Whitesville.
Whitesville, West Virginia Income Information:
The average income per family is $31,500 in Whitesville.
Zip codes in Whitesville 25209 Area codes in Whitesville 304
Map of Whitesville, West Virginia :
|
|
|
|
|
What Types of Rehab are Available for Alcohol Abuse in Whitesville?
When searching for an Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detox Center in Whitesville it is imperative to select the correct type of Alcoholism Treatment Program in Whitesville that will address your specific treatment needs. For most people, alcohol abuse and addiction is largely misunderstood and as a result, people often make improper choices as to which type of Alcohol Treatment Center in Whitesville they should consider, therefore they often receive inadequate treatment. When alcohol abuse has become a central aspect of life for yourself or your loved one, time is essential. You must quickly educate yourself about the many different types of Alcohol Treatment Facilities available in Whitesville.
Most Alcoholism Treatment and Alcohol Detoxification Facilities in Whitesville will offer a variety of services but often they will be categorized as a specific treatment type. There are many alcohol treatment types available including, out-patient alcohol treatment, inpatient alcohol treatment, alcohol detox, short term alcohol treatment or long term alcohol treatment.
Outpatient Alcohol Treatment in Whitesville
There are many outpatient Alcoholism Treatment and Alcohol Detox Facilities in Whitesville. Most consist of some form of education classes, support groups, and or individualized therapy where the alcohol user does not require overnight stay. This is a popular form of treatment because of it's flexibility especially for those who cannot take long periods of time to devote entirely to alcohol abuse treatment. These types of programs can be very useful to those in Whitesville who must continue to work or attend school. Programs for outpatient treatment vary depending on the patient’s needs and the facility but they can consist simply of attending an community 12-step group, to a more structured outpatient program typically meeting a couple of times every week for a couple of hours at a time or, intensive out-patient(IOP) which consists of a highly structured group program that meets 3 to 5 days a week for a few hours at a time.
Attending outpatient treatment is different from inpatient treatment in that you are not under constant supervision, you still live at home and requires strict self discipline. For those who fear they may give in to the temptation of alcohol in the early stages of treatment, inpatient residential treatment at a Whitesville Alcoholism Treatment Center is recommended.
Inpatient Alcohol Treatment in Whitesville
Individuals who feel their alcohol abuse has affected their lifestyle such as their family, friends, or work will benefit greatly from inpatient alcohol treatment. This form of treatment provides the recovering alcohol addict with support 24-hours a day. Additionally, removing the individual from their former surroundings helps them to adjust to living an alcohol-free lifestyle. The benefits of inpatient treatment also include the reduced likelihood of the individual using alcohol while in treatment as well as highly structured days.
Inpatient treatment can take place in a variety of locations. Many first think of hospitals or similar accommodations, however, this is not always the case. Inpatient treatment takes place in residential settings as well. In fact, the preferred treatment environment of an inpatient Alcoholism Treatment Program and Alcohol Detoxification Center in Whitesville would be one that was is restrictive than a hospital, but has close supervision and structured days. Most of these types of SINGULER in Whitesville offer supervised detoxification that may involve medication in a hospital setting or social detoxification (i.e. no medication) in a non-hospital setting.
Whitesville Alcohol Detox
Alcohol Detox in Whitesville is where the recovery process begins. Quitting alcohol abuse can initially be very uncomfortable and withdrawal symptoms often occur. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be life threatening in some cases so it is important to seek care in a Whitesville alcohol detox facility where medical professionals can manage and minimize the symptoms associated with drug or alcohol withdrawal under 24 hour care and supervision.
It is important to note that although alcohol detox plays a valuable role in the alcohol abuse recovery process, it is does NOT constitute a complete recovery. It is recommended that the alcohol abuser attends a Whitesville Alcohol Treatment Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Facility after the initial alcohol detox process is complete.
Short Term Alcohol Treatment in Whitesville
Short term Alcohol Rehabilitation Programs in Whitesville consist of inpatient treatment typically lasting 28 - 30 days or less. Short term Alcoholism Treatment and Alcohol Detoxification Centers were originally designed to conform with insurance companies because many insurance carriers only cover a maximum of 28 to 30 days of substance abuse treatment. Unfortunately, it is impossible to predict with certainty that exactly "28 days" is the correct amount of time to recover from an alcohol abuse problem. In fact, in most cases this is not enough time for a successful lasting recovery.
Short term Alcohol Rehabilitation and Alcohol Detox Facilities in Whitesville can be beneficial for those who have only been abusing alcohol for a short amount of time and the degree of alcohol abuse is relatively low. Short term Alcohol Rehabilitation Facilities in Whitesville provide the alcohol abuser the opportunity to get away from their drinking patterns and for a short amount of time and focus on medical stabilization, abstinence, and lifestyle changes.
Long Term Alcohol Treatment in Whitesville
Long term alcohol treatment, otherwise known as long term “Residential” alcohol treatment generally lasts anywhere from 3 to 12 months in a residential, non-hospital setting. Long term Alcohol Rehab Centers in Whitesville use the program's entire "community," including other residents, staff, and the social context, as active components of treatment. Long term Alcoholism Treatment Centers in Whitesville focus on developing personal accountability and responsibility and ethical productive lives. Long term Alcoholism Treatment and Alcohol Detox Centers in Whitesville are highly structured with activities designed to help residents examine harmful beliefs, self-concepts, and patterns of behavior and to adopt new life skills, coping skills and constructive ways to interact with others.
What is the Primary Focus of an Alcohol Rehab in Whitesville?
The primary focus of an Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detox Center in Whitesville is not only to help the individual to stop drinking alcohol, but also to restore the person to productive functioning within their family, relationships, workplace and community. While attending an effective Alcoholism Treatment Program in Whitesville the individual will learn life skills, coping skills, and work through underlying issues, trauma's and transgressions. They will be better able to cope with daily life and manage their thoughts, feelings and emotions.
The first focus of most Alcohol Treatment Facilities in Whitesville is often alcohol detox where the individual is restored physically back to health. Various methods may be used to monitor, manage, and minimize alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Focus is then put on diet, nutrition, exercise and sleep until the individual is eating healthy meals regularly, sleeping regularly, has increased energy and feels healthy physically.
The next focus of an effective Alcohol Treatment Center in Whitesville involves working to improve self-esteem and self-worth, heal core traumas, learn life-skills, gain control over addictive patterns and improve psychological health in addition to recovering from alcohol abuse. Counseling focuses on the symptoms of alcohol abuse, the individual and the structure of the individual's recovery program. It teaches coping strategies and tools for recovery.
The final focus of an effective Alcoholism Treatment Center in Whitesville is to also to offer the individual the necessary tools to continue to remain alcohol-free once they have completed the rehab program and have re-entered into society. Clients will learn about addiction, recovery, relapse, and how to address misguided beliefs about self, others, and their environment. In addition, they learn to identify relapse warning signs and methods to challenge thoughts that may lead to relapse.
Will Alcohol Abuse Treatment in Whitesville Help Me?
A Whitesville Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detox Center is a vital step needed to recover from alcohol abuse. Not only do Alcohol Treatment Facilities help the individual to stop alcohol use but effective Alcoholism Treatment and Alcohol Detoxification Facilities in Whitesville help to repair all aspects of life such as self esteem, values, responsibility, ethics and morals as well as improve functioning with family, workplace, and community. While attending a Alcoholism Treatment Program in Whitesville recovering alcohol addicts learn about alcohol recovery and relapse while sorting out and working through underlying issues, traumas and transgressions. Attending a Whitesville Alcohol Treatment Center helps the recovering alcohol abuser learn life skills, coping skills make lifestyle changes. In addition, they learn to identify warning signs of relapse and "triggers" in order to avoid relapse.
It is common for those having problems with alcohol abuse to have self-esteem issues and feel powerless over their addiction. Some Alcoholism Treatment and Alcohol Detox Facilities in Whitesville focus on repairing self-esteem and self confidence. Individuals gain a sense of power and regain abilities to be in control of their life and the decisions they make. They are able to refuse unhealthy, addictive behaviors and easily make positive healthy decisions that promote a productive alcohol free lifestyle.
Keep in mind that Alcohol Rehabilitation Programs in Whitesville differ in treatment methods, program lengths, staff qualifications, and credentials, therefore, no single Whitesville Alcoholism Treatment Center is appropriate for all individuals. Every situation is different and treatment needs vary depending on the severity of the problem. Therefore, it is important to match alcohol abuse treatment services to fit each individual's particular problems and needs. Choosing the correct Alcoholism Treatment Program and Alcohol Detoxification Center in Whitesville that will address each individual's needs will provide the greatest chances of success and return the individual to productive functioning in the family, workplace, and society. If you or someone you care about is caught in the trap of alcohol abuse, then an Alcohol Treatment Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Facility in Whitesville may be necessary in salvaging their life.
Prestera Center for MH Services Inc
Prestera Center for MH Services Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detox Center located at 1420 Washington Avenue Huntington, WV 25704
Prestera Center for MH Services Inc specializes in Hearing Impaired. Prestera Center for MH Services Inc provides these types of treament : Substance Abuse Services, Detox, and Residential Short Term Treatment. Prestera Center for MH Services Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, and Self Pay. Prestera Center for MH Services Inc is a Alcoholism Treatment Program that can be contacted at (304) 697-1790.
Options Alternative Program
Options Alternative Program is a Alcohol Treatment Center located at 1400 12th Street Vienna, WV 26105
Options Alternative Program specializes in Teens, and Hearing Impaired. Options Alternative Program provides these types of treament : Substance Abuse Services. Options Alternative Program accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, and Pay Assistance. Options Alternative Program is a Alcoholism Treatment Center that can be contacted at (304) 295-5108x105.
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Veterans Affairs Medical Center is a Alcoholism Treatment Program and Alcohol Detoxification Center located at 1 Medical Center Drive Clarksburg, WV 26301
Veterans Affairs Medical Center specializes in Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse. Veterans Affairs Medical Center provides these types of treament : General Medical Services, and Residential Short Term Treatment. Veterans Affairs Medical Center accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, Sliding Scale Fees, and Pay Assistance. Veterans Affairs Medical Center is a Alcohol Treatment Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Facility that can be contacted at (304) 623-7613x3478.
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Center located at 227 Garnett Street Philippi, WV 26416
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc specializes in DUI / DWI. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, and Self Pay. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Center that can be contacted at (304) 457-2580.
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Veterans Affairs Medical Center is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Center located at 1540 Spring Valley Drive Huntington, WV 25704
Veterans Affairs Medical Center specializes in Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse, AIDS and HIV, Gay / Lesbian, Senior / Over 50, Pregnant Women, Women, Men, and Criminal Justice Clients. Veterans Affairs Medical Center provides these types of treament : General Medical Services. Veterans Affairs Medical Center accepts these payment options : Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, and Self Pay. Veterans Affairs Medical Center is a Alcoholism Treatment Facility that can be contacted at (304) 429-6741x2722.
Prestera Center for MH Services Inc
Prestera Center for MH Services Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Facility and Alcohol Detox Center located at 1420 Washington Avenue Huntington, WV 25704
Prestera Center for MH Services Inc specializes in Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse, Women, Men, Criminal Justice Clients, and Hearing Impaired. Prestera Center for MH Services Inc provides these types of treament : Substance Abuse Services, and Residential Short Term Treatment. Prestera Center for MH Services Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Self Pay, and Sliding Scale Fees. Prestera Center for MH Services Inc is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Facility that can be contacted at (304) 697-1277.
Chestnut Ridge Hosp WVU Hospitals Inc
Chestnut Ridge Hosp WVU Hospitals Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Center and Alcohol Detox Facility located at 930 Chestnut Ridge Road Morgantown, WV 26505
Chestnut Ridge Hosp WVU Hospitals Inc specializes in Teens, Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse, and Hearing Impaired. Chestnut Ridge Hosp WVU Hospitals Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Detox, Day Treatment Services, Residential Long Term Treatment, and Hospital / Medical Inpatient. Chestnut Ridge Hosp WVU Hospitals Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, and Pay Assistance. Chestnut Ridge Hosp WVU Hospitals Inc is a Alcoholism Treatment Program and Alcohol Detox Center that can be contacted at (304) 598-6400x6435.
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Center and Alcohol Detoxification Center located at 725 Yokum Street Elkins, WV 26241
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc specializes in Teens, and DUI / DWI. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, and Self Pay. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Center and Alcohol Detoxification Facility that can be contacted at (304) 636-3232x202.
Oasis Behavioral Health Services LLC
Oasis Behavioral Health Services LLC is a Alcohol Treatment Facility and Alcohol Detox Facility located at 689 Central Avenue Barboursville, WV 25504
Oasis Behavioral Health Services LLC specializes in Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse. Oasis Behavioral Health Services LLC provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and Detox. Oasis Behavioral Health Services LLC accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, and Self Pay. Oasis Behavioral Health Services LLC is a Alcohol Program
Alcoholism Center that can be contacted at (304) 733-3331.
Logan Mingo Area Mental Health Inc
Logan Mingo Area Mental Health Inc is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Program and Alcohol Detox Center located at Buffalo Creek Road Chattaroy, WV 25667
Logan Mingo Area Mental Health Inc specializes in DUI / DWI. Logan Mingo Area Mental Health Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Logan Mingo Area Mental Health Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, and Self Pay. Logan Mingo Area Mental Health Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detoxification Facility that can be contacted at (304) 235-2954.
Southern Highlands Community MH Center
Southern Highlands Community MH Center is a Alcohol Rehab Center located at Wyoming County Office Mullens, WV 25882
Southern Highlands Community MH Center specializes in Teens, Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse, DUI / DWI, and Hearing Impaired. Southern Highlands Community MH Center provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Southern Highlands Community MH Center accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, and Pay Assistance. Southern Highlands Community MH Center is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Center and Alcohol Detox Center that can be contacted at (304) 294-5353.
Laurelwood
Laurelwood is a Alcohol Treatment Program located at 432 6th Avenue Huntington, WV 25701
Laurelwood provides these types of treament : Halfway Housing. Laurelwood is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Program and Alcohol Detox Facility that can be contacted at (304) 525-5250.
Clarksburg Treatment Center
Clarksburg Treatment Center is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Facility and Alcohol Detox Center located at 706 Oakmound Road Clarksburg, WV 26301
Clarksburg Treatment Center specializes in Pregnant Women, and Spanish. Clarksburg Treatment Center provides these types of treament : Substance Abuse Services, Detox, Methadone Maintenance, and Methadone Detox. Clarksburg Treatment Center accepts these payment options : Self Pay. Clarksburg Treatment Center is a Alcohol Treatment Program and Alcohol Detox Center that can be contacted at (304) 622-7511.
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Facility located at 601 Walnut Street Parsons, WV 26287
Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, and Self Pay. Appalachian Community Health Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Facility that can be contacted at (304) 478-2764.
Valley Healthcare System
Valley Healthcare System is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Program and Alcohol Detoxification Center located at 202 Tunnelton Street Kingwood, WV 26537
Valley Healthcare System specializes in DUI / DWI. Valley Healthcare System provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Valley Healthcare System accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, and Pay Assistance. Valley Healthcare System is a Alcohol Rehab Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Facility that can be contacted at (304) 329-1059.
Valley Comprehensive Comm MH Ctr Inc
Valley Comprehensive Comm MH Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detox Facility located at 501 North Pike Street Grafton, WV 26354
Valley Comprehensive Comm MH Ctr Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Valley Comprehensive Comm MH Ctr Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, and Pay Assistance. Valley Comprehensive Comm MH Ctr Inc is a Alcohol Rehab Program that can be contacted at (304) 265-3947.
Wayne County Outpatient Services
Wayne County Outpatient Services is a Alcohol Treatment Facility and Alcohol Detox Center located at 145 Kenova Avenue Wayne, WV 25570
Wayne County Outpatient Services provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Wayne County Outpatient Services accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Military Insurance, Self Pay, Sliding Scale Fees, and Pay Assistance. Wayne County Outpatient Services is a Alcohol Rehab Center and Alcohol Detoxification Center that can be contacted at (304) 272-3466.
Seneca Health Services Inc
Seneca Health Services Inc is a Alcohol Treatment Facility located at 704-A 3rd Avenue Marlinton, WV 24954
Seneca Health Services Inc specializes in DUI / DWI. Seneca Health Services Inc provides these types of treament : Mental Health Treatment. Seneca Health Services Inc accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, Self Pay, Sliding Scale Fees, and Pay Assistance. Seneca Health Services Inc is a Alcohol Treatment Facility and Alcohol Detoxification Center that can be contacted at (304) 799-6865.
Behavioral Health Services
Behavioral Health Services is a Alcohol Rehab Program and Alcohol Detoxification Center located at 4605 MacCorkle Avenue SW Charleston, WV 25309
Behavioral Health Services specializes in Co-Occuring Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse, and Senior / Over 50. Behavioral Health Services provides these types of treament : Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Detox, Day Treatment Services, and Hospital / Medical Inpatient. Behavioral Health Services accepts these payment options : Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Insurance, Private Health Insurance, and Self Pay. Behavioral Health Services is a Alcohol Rehabilitation Program and Alcohol Detoxification Facility that can be contacted at (304) 766-3441.
Braxton County Fellowship Home
Braxton County Fellowship Home is a Alcoholism Treatment Program and Alcohol Detoxification Facility located at 72 South Stonewall Street Sutton, WV 26601
Braxton County Fellowship Home provides these types of treament : Halfway Housing. Braxton County Fellowship Home is a Alcohol Treatment Program and Alcohol Detoxification Center that can be contacted at (304) 765-2616.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | Alcohol Treatment Centers by City in West Virginia Listed Alphabetically: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nearby Cities |
Sylvester is 2.44 Miles from Whitesville |
Powellton is 14.51 Miles from Whitesville |
Pax is 15.43 Miles from Whitesville |
Madison is 16.44 Miles from Whitesville |
Chesapeake is 16.67 Miles from Whitesville |
Handley is 16.94 Miles from Whitesville |
East Bank is 17.00 Miles from Whitesville |
Glasgow is 17.07 Miles from Whitesville |
Cedar Grove is 17.45 Miles from Whitesville |
Belle is 17.45 Miles from Whitesville |
Pratt is 17.52 Miles from Whitesville |
Danville is 17.72 Miles from Whitesville |
Montgomery is 17.76 Miles from Whitesville |
Marmet is 18.32 Miles from Whitesville |
Smithers is 18.36 Miles from Whitesville |
Bradley is 19.42 Miles from Whitesville |
Amherstdale Robinette is 19.55 Miles from Whitesville |
Prosperity is 20.51 Miles from Whitesville |
Oceana is 20.66 Miles from Whitesville |
Mount Hope is 20.88 Miles from Whitesville |
Find Alcohol Rehab Centers in Major Cities Near Whitesville, West Virginia: | |
Roanoke is 99.13 Miles from Whitesville |
|
|
|
Columbus is 159.31 Miles from Whitesville |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Concord is 185.40 Miles from Whitesville |
|
Dayton is 188.82 Miles from Whitesville |
|
Gastonia is 189.36 Miles from Whitesville |
Hamilton is 190.42 Miles from Whitesville |
|
Quick Drug Facts |
Shakespeare referred (in Love's Labour Lost, Act 5, Scent 1) to a game called "flap-dragon," in which the players snatched raisins from a dish of burning brandy and extinguished them in their mouths before eating them.
|
Recent studies show that after six months, treatment for alcoholism is successful for 40 to 70% of participants.
|
Baby Mouse Liquor is found in rural Korea. This distilled rice spirit or filled with baby mice carcasses and fermented for 1 year.
|
Alcohol is a leading cause of birth defects.
|
|
|